Dr. Terese Hart is a scientist and conservationist. She has spent over 30 years in the Congo where many significant events of her life have taken place. There she met her husband (Dr. John Hart) and gave birth to two of her three daughters. Under the support of New York Zoological Society, together they studied many aspects of the Ituri Forest, including the uses of it’s pharmacological contents, the socio-economic impact of human migrations, and most famously, the Okapi. While there, she helped setup a Research and Training Center that eventually led to the Okapi Wildlife Reserve (a world heritage site.) She also briefly served as the director of the Wildlife Conservation Society-Congo out of Kinshasa.
Some of the Hart’s time in the Ituri Forest was spent with the Bambutis, among whom was our favorite – Kenge. A documentary available at Google Video, Hearts of Brightness, describes their time there and work studying the Okapi (link at the bottom).
Currently, she is involved in a new project known as TL2 where she leads operations as the coordinator. I got a chance to ask her some questions last week while she’s visiting the States. Below are her replies.
What have you been doing with your time since leaving the WCS-C?I along with my husband, John, who also left WCS and a group of other people we have worked with over the years are exploring a new area of DR Congo with the objective of creating a protected area. The area we call TL2 for the three rivers of central DR Congo: Tshuapa, Lomami and Lualaba. Details here: http://www.bonoboincongo.com/
Why did you decide to leave?
Some new people in NY. A new concept of WCS-Congo – no longer the place for me.
[New York is WCS-central]
WCS grew a great deal since my husband and I joined (mid 80s). Its funding also changed from the private donations of generous and non-demanding NY wealth to short term agency donations or grants that required proposals and reports. The direction in NY grew and had its own needs and own desires for “making sense” of its international program. Result: much less freedom for opportunistic or grass-roots conservation growth…something we felt was essential in a country where lawless rebels and conservation compete for the same land.
Do you still spend time in the Congo?
Eight to ten months a year where I am director of the TL2 Project. I am in the USA this month as my middle daughter becomes a mom (and John and I grandparents).
Tell us more about the TL2 project. I understand yourself, your husband and your colleagues are working to track down Bonobos and Okapis. How exactly do you find these creatures?
We have just moved to this website: http://www.bonoboincongo.com/about-us/
We are talking about hundreds and hundreds of km in dug-out and on-foot. We use signs (dung, nests, feeding sign) and sometimes we are delighted to actually see bonobo and okapi in their forest. The fear is that bushmeat hunting will take them out before they are adequately protected…already there are large areas of “empty” forest.
What is your day to day work like (within this project)? Is it a lot of surveying and cataloging?
We work as a team (again look at website). My own role includes information and political facilitation…this is really fascinating because political facilitation means everything from a small village to national ministries.
What are some of your most vivid memories of your years in Africa?
a) Vivid and frightening – our 6 week old daughter almost died (1982) of bronchitis..can’t mention this without heart felt thanks to mission hospital in Nyankunde (destroyed recently in Hema-Lendu wars) and the Mission Aviation Fellowship.
b) Vivid and frightening – our girls’ teacher (an ex-peace corps worker) attacked by crocodile when bathing with my daughters. She lost her arm but survived. Extremely tough and brave woman.
c) Vivid and awe inspiring – putting a radio collar on an okapi in a pit.
d) Vivid, awe inspiring and frightening – coming face to face with elephant around a corner on a narrow forest trail.
Do you have any fond memories of Kenge?
I could not have done my PhD without Kenge. He was very bright and very articulate. He would grasp what was needed and make it happen. “You need to distinguish between related species? Ok – look at these characters.” “You need the flowers of that canopy tree? OK- we will climb it.” “You need to see a different kind of forest? Well lets go, it will take a day to get there, bring lots of food.” He had a great sense of humor, would understate the obvious, and make fun of us along with everyone else.
And he was genuinely fond of us. He would unexpectedly give us wonderful gifts. This might sound odd as an example: but once he went out alone hunting and killed an okapi with a spear; it was a very big event. He did it for his daughter’s “coming out”. That evening he quietly brought us the most choice and significant part of the carcass – the full udder.
But Kenge was an alcoholic and that was always a problem between us. As the years went on it became a bigger problem and I as had more people working on projects we could not overlook his being late or absent on account of drunkenness. He tried casting out the demons of alcoholism traditionally. He tried swearing off. But it never worked…and he would drink the most fearsome of local brews.
Do/did the dangers of living in rebel territories deter you?
I have rarely felt personally threatened….Although we have fled (to avoid being threatened) a couple of times.
Care to speculate on the future of African civil wars?
Sigh – no I don’t want to speculate. Conservation has to be strong enough with wide enough support to work in a wide variety of situations; otherwise extinction is just waiting for the first political slip up.
What is a solution?
For conservation it is obviously not just good enough to have the national gov’t proclaim a protected area, there has to be local support and support by the land holding ethnic group and by both the powerless and the powerful. Just last year when one ethnic group worked to create a protected area in another (rival) ethnic group’s area, several groups of bonobo which had survived close to villages disappeared and conservationists were run out of a village. That is conservation gone wrong.
How passionate or apathetic are the average locals of their natural heritage?
That is very variable. Some of the strongest conservation feelings come when outside groups (foresters, mining companies, rival groups (see above)…) want to exploit a forest that traditionally belonged to a local group. Conservation has to be able to use this sense of local pride and ownership if it is going to be successful.
How has formal conservation changed through the decades?
I can only speak from my own experience within one group (WCS). It went from allowing a great deal of autonomy to individual researchers/conservationists to attempting to build a centrally controlled organization. I think that most big organizations are similar. Small organizations have more flexibility – and can generally be closer to the ground and respond more quickly to needs and changing situations.
Is there any particular aspect of it that you don’t like?
Any part of conservation I don’t like? Watching slow (or rapid) declines in animal populations and not being able to effectively counter it in even a small area….That can be for any or several of many different reasons….
There is a certain amount of turf-protecting that happens in Conservation. Sometimes it is best to allow one vision and one organization to get things underway. Where we have seen things go wrong is where a big conservation organization is “taken for a ride”. They accept without critical evaluation what a local “entrepreneur” posing as “their conservationist” tells them is being carried out on the ground. All good for society publicity, but an area becomes off-limits, and results highly suspect.
There are no schools of conservation, yet a larger fighting force is needed. What do you propose is a way to attract attention?
Conservation needs allies in science, journalism, and politics. I don’t think that it needs schools but rather classes in all schools and champions in all walks of life. It needs more air time, print space, etc.
The gorilla massacre of 2007, where were you?
I was in Kinshasa
Do you/did you have any personal suspicions in the case?
I knew that there were some very negative people in positions of power that affected conservation. I think that the Nat Geo article was quite good. There are some excellent people working for conservation in Goma…absolutely top rate. But these are often fighting a battle against forces strengthened by the continuing war.
North America is rife with green fads such as the use of cloth grocery bags, and fluorescent light bulbs? Is this a really a solution? If not, what more needs to be done?
If people individually reduce their impact on the environment – it is a good thing. But many environment problems must be addressed globally and we must figure out ways for people who are able to make their small environmental contribution at home to make a small environmental contribution in other places around the globe with the same certainty of a true impact as when they personally only use cloth grocery bags. I am not only talking about global warming or other huge global phenomena but also local impacts such as deforestation or commercial bushmeat hunting in a country with a very poor population unlikely to be able to save its own resources unaided.
Ultimately, the power over nature lies in the hands of large economies and militaries. Can we transform the way these operate?
Well we have to try, don’t we?
What’s it like to step down in Kinshasa, and visit a gorilla reserve for a first timer? Is it really as idealistic as we might imagine or is it commercialized by now?
At this time very little is successfully commercialized for tourists in DR Congo. Gorilla viewing more than other activities but the experience is still very raw. Wonderfully so, I think. You almost certainly won’t step down in Kinshasa though if you are gorilla viewing but rather enter the Congo from the east (ie enter Goma to visit the gorillas of Virunga Nat Park or enter Bukavu to visit gorillas in Kahuzi Biega Nat Park. These are not the only parks or places with the gorillas but they are the only places where habituation has occurred)
To what extent has the forest cover reduced in the recent decades?
Varies in different areas (very little in the TL2 where we are working). Some good studies happening using satellite imagery (WRI and CARPE…)
All unreal expectations and hopes aside, where do you think will we be in 50 years time?
My hope, and I feel that it is possible, is that there will be a large and effective conservation area in the TL2 area of Congo. To think larger than what I am immediately working on is hard….. I do feel generally that we have to work area by area and we have to craft our efforts such that any success will be an important success and that there will not be large wasted efforts.
So there you have it, straight from the horse’s mouth. We hear so much about all the politics and adventures behind conservation, so I feel very privileged to hear what happens behind the scenes from a person with such experience. I thank Dr. Hart for answering these questions for us and putting up with a noob interviewer, and offer her and her husband congrats on becoming grandparents!
** References
Hearts of Brightness – Google Video
NatGeo Article on the Virunga Massacre
21st Century Tribalism
Sunday, August 17th, 2008**Edited Mon 22, 2008
It seems that a favourite pastime of humans is constant contemplation of our socio-political systems. To modern youth, for example, an ideal society would provide an individual with all the comforts they desire, but also never inconvenience others. We could never allow dictatorships or authoritarian regimes like China or North Korea, but when we face the likes of Saddam and Hitler, we run out of plausible solutions. We would not only like to eradicate all poverty and provide permanent electricity and food to everyone, but also heavily reduce the human footprint on Earth. Several such contradictions exist in the common liberal thought.
This is not an obsession of modern youth only. All throughout known history, philosophers, priests, politicians, scientists, and artists have tried their own fixes. We have so far tried various forms of communism, monarchy, and democracy, none of which have led to the fulfilment of a majority of individuals. So it doesn’t seem like the modern world has found a path yet. But perhaps a look into our own past would offer a solution. A good place to start is African tribalism.
It has been said before that the African tribes are much more egalitarian in their governance than those from the rest of the world. Though there is no scientific basis for such a statement and it probably is not true, when you compare the Yanomamo (South America) or the Imbi (Papua New Guinea) to the Zulu or the Kung, you can’t help but draw similar conclusions. I am sure this incongruity is caused by nothing more than the structure of modern anthropology. It’s just that those African stories that are more popular happen to be more tame then those American stories that are popular.
One such story is that of the Mbuti, a tribe of pygmies from Congo. A constant companion to the anthropologist (Colin Turnbull), and I am sure one of the most interesting people on our planet, Kenge, is a large part of the story. His exuberance for life and wild manners make almost everything he does very interesting.
There are many memorable scenes from “The Forest People” but the one that totally stands out in my mind is the trip Turnbull and Kenge take outside Kenge’s home (The Ituri Forest). They visit a number of local plantations upon which other already acculturated tribes work under the Belgian Empire. They also run into a priest who in one instance refuses to help an injured man because he is not Christian. But the best part comes when they decide to visit the Virunga National Park.
For those who are not familiar, this park is an absolute dream for naturalists. The peaks of the Rwenzori mountains are covered with snow. At a lower altitude vast grasslands cover the plains. At the very bottom, Lake Edward, one of Africa’s great lakes is surrounded by marshlands and slime forests. And
the night time would offer you the brilliant glow of lava from two semi-active volcanoes.
Or at least these were the conditions back in 1962.
(Incidentally, more than 95% of the hippos in this park have been poached since then) Anyway, back to the story.
Kenge was absolutely opposed to the idea of the visit. He had been told earlier that this was a land of “no trees”. Turnbull had tried to explain to him that the area they were going to visit was a grassland, and the density of trees was nothing compared to that of the Ituri. Kenge, whose tribe call the forest their mother and everything since it not only feeds them but also clothes them, could not imagine how anything good could come out of such a land, that is if it even existed.
What follows is something totally harrowing. I am not going to ruin the story for anyone reading the book, but it changes Kenge in one way, and gives the reader an amazing perspective into the minds of our ancestors.
The reason I am writing all of this is because I just discovered that in 2006, Kenge died. And I’d imagine that for anyone who’s already read the book, Kenge was somewhat of an icon. His people resisted a conversion to a more modern life style and stuck to their heaven.
The Mbuti, if they were like the other tribes, would have lived at a plantation labouring all of their strength and time to raise crops for their colonialist masters. This would have brought them real dollars, a sense of pride (though false), and a more “civilized” way of life. But by being amongst the very few to resist, they evidently enjoyed much happier lives and certainly left a lasting impression on science.
There still are a few such tribes left in the world – still uncontacted, though clearly aware of us. They might not be as utopian as the Mbuti, but their lifestyle is an ancient one and surely a part of our heritage. These tribes are under constant threat of exposure to miners, loggers, poachers, missionaries, militaries and governments. Their progenitors were never exposed to the diseases to which ours were, so their immune systems could not handle many of the viruses that live dormant within us. Anyone of us could unwittingly spread an epidemic between them.
There is a case for optimism here too though. Many of the world leaders from countries that harbour such tribes are becoming more and more aware of them. New additions to the Brazilian government seem to be very conscious to the native tribes and are actively taking steps to protect them. The president of Bolivia, Evo Morales, himself a native, also seems genuine in his care. But in Africa, trouble still looms. Wars and other conflicts have already changed the lifestyles of most such tribes, and they are causing further problems for the new converts too.
Kenge might be gone, but there is still hope for others. You can also help by donating. Governmental organizations such as FUNAI in Brazil are always a good place to start, but there are alternatives. Survival International is also a contender for your money.
Only about thirty years ago the term ‘first contact’ was so often heard, but now most people don’t even know such tribes exist. So let’s do something before we lose them completely and become a monoculture.
**Images taken from the blog of a very lucky man, who lived in the Congo and also met Kenge himself, Kim Gjerstad. http://kim.uing.net/1537/home.html?b_st=90&b_d=&b_cd=20070620&b_m=0&b_u=0&b_pi=3980&b_k=0&b_s=&b_o=DESC
Tags: anthropology, conservation, environmentalism, tribal, tribe
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